احمدمحمدحمدي
02-16-2020, 02:12 AM
In non-surgical surgery, the animal is euthanized before recovery from anesthesia. It may not be necessary to follow all the techniques described in this section in the case of non-live surgery; however, at least, the surgical site must be cut, the surgeon must wear gloves, and the tools and the surrounding area must be clean (Slattum and others 1991) .
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Emergency situations sometimes require immediate surgical correction under less than ideal conditions. For example, if an infected animal outside needs surgical attention, moving to a surgical facility may pose an unacceptable risk to the animal or is impractical. Such cases often require more intensive aftercare and may pose a greater risk for postoperative complications. An appropriate course of action requires veterinary medical judgment.
Aseptic technique is used to reduce bacterial contamination to the lowest practical level possible (Cunliffe-Beamer 1993). No action, piece of equipment, or germicide alone can achieve this goal (Schonholtz 1976). Aseptic technique requires the input and cooperation of everyone entering the operations group (Belkin 1992; McWilliams 1976). The contribution and importance of each practice varies with the procedure. Aseptic technique includes patient preparation, such as hair removal and surgical site disinfection (Hofmann 1979); surgeon preparation. Such as the provision of non-contaminated surgical clothing, surgical cleaning, and sterile surgical gloves (Chamberlain and Houang 1984; Pereira and others 1990; Schonholtz 1976); sterilization of implanted tools, supplies and materials (Kagan 1992b); and the use of surgical techniques to reduce the likelihood of infection (Ayliffe 1991; Kagan 1 992a; Ritter and Marmion 1987; Schofield 1994; Whyte 1988).
The specific sterilization methods should be chosen based on the physical properties of the materials to be sterilized (Schofield 1994). Gas sterilization and gas sterilization are common effective methods. Sterilization indicators should be used to identify materials that have undergone appropriate sterilization (Berg 1993). Liquid chemical sterilizers should be used at appropriate contact times, and tools should be rinsed with sterile water or salt water before use. Alcohol is neither sterile nor a high-level antiseptic (Rutala 1990).
In general, unless an exception is justified as a key component of the research protocol and has been approved by IACUC, non-sterile surgery should be performed only in facilities designated for this purpose. Most bacteria are carried on airborne particles or fomites, so surgical installations must be maintained and operated in a manner that ensures hygiene and reduces unnecessary traffic (AORN 1982; Bartley 1993). In some cases, it may be necessary to use the operating room for other purposes. In such cases, the room must be returned to an appropriate level of hygiene before being used for survival surgery.
Close surgical monitoring and timely attention to problems increases the likelihood of a successful surgical outcome. Monitoring includes an examination of the depth of anesthesia, the physiological function, and the evaluation of clinical signs and conditions. Maintaining a normal body temperature reduces cardiovascular and respiratory disorders caused by anesthetic agents (Darday and Hefner 1987) and is of particular importance.
The type of animal affects the components and density of the surgical program. The relative susceptibility of rodents to surgical infection has been discussed. Available data indicate that subclinical infections can cause harmful physiological and behavioral responses (Beamer 1972; Bradfield and others 1992; Cunliffe-Beamer 1990; Waynforth 1980, 1987) that can affect both surgical success and research findings. Some common characteristics of laboratory rodent surgery - such as smaller incision sites, fewer surgical staff, multiple animal manipulation in a single session, and more concise procedures - unlike surgery in larger species, modifications to standard or desirable sterile techniques can be made ( Brown 1994; Cunliffe-Beamer 1993). Helpful suggestions have been published to deal with some of the unique challenges of rodent surgery (Cunliffe-Beamer 1983, 1993).
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Emergency situations sometimes require immediate surgical correction under less than ideal conditions. For example, if an infected animal outside needs surgical attention, moving to a surgical facility may pose an unacceptable risk to the animal or is impractical. Such cases often require more intensive aftercare and may pose a greater risk for postoperative complications. An appropriate course of action requires veterinary medical judgment.
Aseptic technique is used to reduce bacterial contamination to the lowest practical level possible (Cunliffe-Beamer 1993). No action, piece of equipment, or germicide alone can achieve this goal (Schonholtz 1976). Aseptic technique requires the input and cooperation of everyone entering the operations group (Belkin 1992; McWilliams 1976). The contribution and importance of each practice varies with the procedure. Aseptic technique includes patient preparation, such as hair removal and surgical site disinfection (Hofmann 1979); surgeon preparation. Such as the provision of non-contaminated surgical clothing, surgical cleaning, and sterile surgical gloves (Chamberlain and Houang 1984; Pereira and others 1990; Schonholtz 1976); sterilization of implanted tools, supplies and materials (Kagan 1992b); and the use of surgical techniques to reduce the likelihood of infection (Ayliffe 1991; Kagan 1 992a; Ritter and Marmion 1987; Schofield 1994; Whyte 1988).
The specific sterilization methods should be chosen based on the physical properties of the materials to be sterilized (Schofield 1994). Gas sterilization and gas sterilization are common effective methods. Sterilization indicators should be used to identify materials that have undergone appropriate sterilization (Berg 1993). Liquid chemical sterilizers should be used at appropriate contact times, and tools should be rinsed with sterile water or salt water before use. Alcohol is neither sterile nor a high-level antiseptic (Rutala 1990).
In general, unless an exception is justified as a key component of the research protocol and has been approved by IACUC, non-sterile surgery should be performed only in facilities designated for this purpose. Most bacteria are carried on airborne particles or fomites, so surgical installations must be maintained and operated in a manner that ensures hygiene and reduces unnecessary traffic (AORN 1982; Bartley 1993). In some cases, it may be necessary to use the operating room for other purposes. In such cases, the room must be returned to an appropriate level of hygiene before being used for survival surgery.
Close surgical monitoring and timely attention to problems increases the likelihood of a successful surgical outcome. Monitoring includes an examination of the depth of anesthesia, the physiological function, and the evaluation of clinical signs and conditions. Maintaining a normal body temperature reduces cardiovascular and respiratory disorders caused by anesthetic agents (Darday and Hefner 1987) and is of particular importance.
The type of animal affects the components and density of the surgical program. The relative susceptibility of rodents to surgical infection has been discussed. Available data indicate that subclinical infections can cause harmful physiological and behavioral responses (Beamer 1972; Bradfield and others 1992; Cunliffe-Beamer 1990; Waynforth 1980, 1987) that can affect both surgical success and research findings. Some common characteristics of laboratory rodent surgery - such as smaller incision sites, fewer surgical staff, multiple animal manipulation in a single session, and more concise procedures - unlike surgery in larger species, modifications to standard or desirable sterile techniques can be made ( Brown 1994; Cunliffe-Beamer 1993). Helpful suggestions have been published to deal with some of the unique challenges of rodent surgery (Cunliffe-Beamer 1983, 1993).